Designing for Playdate

For the purposes of this document, we’ll consider “sprites” as playable characters, NPCs, and other moving, visible entities in your game.

A reasonable minimum size for your player sprite is somewhere around 32 × 32 pixels. Sprites much smaller than this will be hard to make out on the screen.

As for a maximum size, there’s no real ceiling on this. Some games deliberately use very large characters.

However, note that this doesn’t mean that everything in your game should be scaled up, resulting in a lot of scrolling.

Small sprites are easier to see and track with your eyes if they move a lot, or if they have particles and other effects following them. In slower games, players might appreciate larger sprites.

If your game is based on a tile map—a layout grid for items and characters in the world, each of which is typically one "tile" in size—you should ensure the tiles aren’t too small for comfort. This is an example of a tile size that could cause the player’s eyes to strain:

And here’s a game with a comfortable tile size:

A tile size that’s a power of 2 is handy when authoring your art; its easy divisibility means you’ll be able to create a number of repeating patterns.

Your game might use fonts for different kinds of text, such as titles, dialogue, labels, or status information. It’s important to make all text legible, and it’s particularly important when the player is expected to read a lot of it, and often.

When discussing “font size” below, we mean the cap height—the height of an uppercase letter, from the baseline to the top of the letter (or an ascender). This isn’t the same as the total height of the font, which will be greater, to allow for diacritical marks, punctuation, etc. A font based on a grid 20 × 20 pixels in size will usually have a cap height of 14 pixels or so.

Dialog text should be at least 12 pixels tall, and preferably 14 pixels tall. HUD text (score, health, level name) can be slightly smaller, down to 10 pixels tall. This holds true if the player isn’t meant to read the text very often.

All text, including small disclaimers or subtle jokes, should be at least 8 pixels tall, unless your idea is to deliberately obscure it.

A game in which text is more important than graphics should have decently sized text in a highly legible font. Classic rules of typography apply: clear, strong shapes; good contrast between similar characters; generous x-height.

We recommend that you make your font strokes at least 2 pixels thick. Thinner fonts will be rather wispy when seen on the screen.

A good way to judge the legibility of the fonts in your game is to hold up your Playdate against a printed book. Your font should be physically similar in size to the letters on the page—or larger than them.

If you import a computer font using our Caps tool, note that it may or may not be hinted (snapped to pixel boundaries) properly at the size you specified. An improperly hinted font could look like this:

In this case, you might need to touch up the font manually.

Some developers choose to render their games at a different display scale (using playdate.display.setScale). This results in larger, chunkier sprites, which can be easier to follow, though they sacrifice a finer level of detail.

Fonts rendered at 2x will need to be carefully designed. There’s always room for creativity, even with very few pixels, but legibility should remain a primary concern.

It’s common for sprites in games to rotate, scale, or stretch. You may be tempted to do so in code, which would be the simpler and more maintainable option. However, this may have two undesirable consequences:

Here’s an example of a programmatically rotated sprite:

An alternative is to pre-transform your graphics in an editor app, or with an image-processing script. 1-bit graphics take up very little storage and are quick to load. You can then also clean up any distracting pixel artifacts in these images. Image tables can be used to conveniently access multiple transformations of the same image.

Choose the method that makes sense for the type and performance requirements of your game. Transforming sprites programmatically isn’t necessarily bad. It typically looks fine if the sprite moves quickly and stops in its natural, untransformed state:

Or, if the sprite is very large and not too detailed:

You don’t have to create every graphic in your game from scratch, placing your pixels one by one—but it’s not a bad idea to do some touch-up for clarity.

Black-and-white pixel art often uses dithering to convey shades and textures.

Some graphics apps will convert color art into 1-bit dither patterns for you. While this is a reasonable way to go about making art for Playdate, note that the resulting images may look quite noisy.

As with transformed sprites, it’s best to clean up any such graphics manually.

If you use a checkered pattern 2 x 2 pixels in size and scroll it by 1 pixel at a time, all the black and white pixels in this pattern will swap as you scroll. This can cause the display to flash in a distracting or annoying way.

Here are some strategies you can try to minimize this:

This flashing artifact may be noticeable with other dithers as well, and you can use these same approaches to fixing it.

By default, Playdate games run at 30 frames per second (fps). This will look smooth and perform well in most cases. Sequences with lots of movement should ideally run at 30 fps. If your game drops down to 20 fps, it will still be acceptable, especially if your animation style is chunky and you’re not scrolling the entire screen frequently. In games with little movement and big, instant jumps in position (a board game or card game, for example) the frame rate doesn’t matter as much, and you can even request a lower refresh rate from the system to conserve battery life.

The maximum refresh rate you can set is 50 fps. This will look even smoother, and it’ll be particularly noticeable when moving graphics along curved paths. Note that at 50 fps, all other things being equal, your game has 40% less time to execute its code on each frame. You’ll have to optimize the code to hit that high fps. It may be necessary to write high-frame-rate code in C, rather than Lua. There may also be a negative impact to battery life.

The player can set certain accessibility preferences in Settings. See the Accessibility section of Inside Playdate for information on how to read these, and how to adjust your game to suit them.

Playdate is a handheld console, and players might take it to environments where they can’t hear it well or play it loudly—in a busy park, on the bus, in a quiet room. Keep in mind deaf or hard-of-hearing players as well. Consider these options:

If your game needs one primary button in addition to the crank, it might be best to use the B button instead of the A button (even though we typically recommend the A button for the primary action). For a right-handed player, using the crank with the right hand, while using the left thumb to press the B button is a fairly natural and comfortable way to hold the device. Using the crank with the A button simultaneously might require too much reach or become uncomfortable over an extended period of time.

Alternatively, you can use the d-pad as up to 4 action buttons if you’re not using it for movement. For instance, if your game needs the crank, an “action” button (A) and a “pick up” button, the d-pad’s right button could be used for “pick up.” While that’s not an action that naturally maps to the rightward direction, the overall experience of pressing this button may be more comfortable in the long run. This may also be more comfortable for a left-handed player using the device with the Upside Down system setting.

Some players have difficulty using the crank. When possible, provide d-pad alternatives to crank controls. For example, if the d-pad’s left and right (or up and down) buttons aren’t otherwise used in your game, they could be mapped to forward and backward cranking.

If your game needs only one or two buttons, consider allowing these actions to be performed with more than one button, as well as the crank. For instance, if your game has just one “jump” action, you could map this to the A button, the B button, the up button on the d-pad, and a turn of the crank. That way, the player can choose whatever input is most comfortable for them.

Most of Playdate’s system UI is set in the font Roobert 20 Medium, available as part of the SDK Resources. For larger headings, we use Roobert 24 Medium. This is a legible font set at generous sizes—when possible, aim for this level of text clarity.

If our text-drawing APIs aren’t given a font to use, or when they fail to load a font or a character, they will default to the font Asheville 14. This font is specifically meant to communicate to you that something has gone wrong with your text-draw. You should replace Asheville with another font for better legibility.

You can call playdate.keyboard.show to show a keyboard for text entry. This could be useful for entering the player’s in-game name, or for other short text input. The keyboard is meant to make text input fast and sensible. That said, we can only make it so effective on a handheld console; if your game expects a lot of text input, it’s worth pondering if that will be fun. Perhaps a custom keyboard designed specifically for your use would be nicer.

Inside Playdate covers the use of the playdate.ui.crankIndicator API. It may not be obvious at first to a brand new player that your game is crank-operated, since not all games will be. The crank indicator provides a standardized way to nudge players in the right direction.

If your game needs to point the user to a short or memorable URL—for example, play.date—showing it is as a text label is fine. Anything that’s generated by the game, long, or too complex to type into a web browser, is best done by displaying a QR code. (See playdate.graphics.generateQRCode).

However, it’s possible the user might not have a way to scan a QR code, so displaying the URL in addition to the QR code may be appropriate.

The launcher card is the player’s first impression of your game, and it’s the game’s representative artwork on Playdate. They should be able to recognize the game from it, and it should perhaps make them feel however you’d like them to feel about your game: curious? excited? challenged?

Note that Playdate doesn’t display a label with your game’s name. You should include the name in the card image itself.

Launcher cards can be changed and animated at several points: when selected, when the player presses A to launch them, and as your game is loading. Chaining these animations can provide a smooth transition from the launcher to the first screen of your game.

Of course, you don’t have to make it a smooth transition if you have another sort of cut between the launcher and game in mind.

See System and Game Metadata for details on how to configure your game’s launcher card.

If your game has options and features you don’t wish to include in the game’s UI, you can add them to the System Menu.

It’s up to you which features you put in the menu. Here are some examples:

Since there’s limited space in the System Menu, you may wish to collapse several rows into one row with multiple options.

Note that players might need to be told to look for this option in the Menu; if your game teaches the players about its controls, it might be a good idea to call out your custom menu options.

See Interacting with the System Menu for information on how to set up your custom menu items.

While your game is paused, it can show a custom image the left of the System Menu. (See playdate.setMenuImage.) Since you can create this image in code, it can include game-data, thus becoming another view in your game.

The Playdate Simulator is a desktop app that can preview your game before transferring it to a Playdate. It’s a fast and convenient way to check your code quickly. Please remember, however, that the Simulator doesn’t faithfully emulate the performance of the Playdate console hardware. Your code may run significantly faster in the Simulator, or it may have different performance patterns. Optimize for the hardware, not the Simulator.

Due to differences in resolution, on most computer displays Playdate Simulator will appear larger than an actual Playdate held next to it. Don’t rely on the size of your text and sprites in the Simulator to decide whether your graphics will read comfortably.

The Simulator can attempt to mimic the appearance of the Playdate by turning its pure black and pure white into grays that roughly match a well-lit Playdate screen. This is just an approximation; Playdate isn’t backlit and won’t have the same black-to-white contrast in all environments.

Whenever possible, check the performance and appearance of your game on an actual Playdate—it’s how your players will play it.